Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics. The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities.
The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from convective clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as cumulonimbus (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands. The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as weather fronts. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then becomes heavy enough to fall under gravity.
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